What is a midrash?
Genesis Rabbah is a text which belongs to the genre of midrash. Midrashim are exegetical or homiletical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. In general, we could say that the compilation GenR as the rest of the works of rabbinic literature was the attempt of the adaptation of the Torah as the rule of life for Jewish people in their ever-changing environment.
Introduction to Genesis Rabbah
Genesis Rabbah belongs to the earlier Midrashim, with obvious connections to the Graeco-Roman tradition. In particular: Genesis Rabbah is the earliest Rabbinic commentary on the Book of Genesis, compiled during the early 5th c. CE, and encompasses a collection of early rabbinical homiletical interpretations of the first book of the Torah. This work is abundant in sublime thoughts and literary passages, in parables, and in foreign words, especially Greek (about 400 types). Genesis Rabbah probably reached its final edited form in the first half of the 5th century, but it makes use of earlier sources such as the Mishnah and the midrash about religious laws, as well as Philo, Josephus, and the “intertestamental” literature.
GenR is an important midrash as a novel rabbinic composition and at the same time its scholarly study constitutes a significant key to understand Judaism in its Late Antique context. And as Gribetz & Grossberg (2016:3) stress: “Its organization around the rich narratives of the book of Genesis and the exegetical style of its interpretations allowed the authors of GenR to exercise a creative freedom unknown in earlier rabbinic genres.” Unfortunately, this complex and multi-faceted work of the rabbinic tradition has been rather neglected in the past decades. Nevertheless, in the last years there has been an increasing interest on GenR from the perspective of modern scholarship on rabbinic literature, resulting in novel and serious attempts on the study of GenR, such as the contributions of eminent scholars, collected in the volume Genesis Rabbah in Text and Context (2016).
Although rabbinic texts are considered complex and their history of transmission is difficult to trace in general, there are certain features of GenR, which make it special not only as a midrash but also within the entire rabbinic literature, and can be summarized according to Gribetz & Grossberg (2016:7) as follows:
"a) GenR is the first exemplar of a new rabbinic genre that emerged around the fifth century, which belongs to the aggadic (“narrative”) midrash. b) GenR also marks an important starting point in terms of its historical relationship with its Roman imperial context. More than the tannaitic midrashim and the Mishnah and Tosefta, GenR is characterized by its frequent use of Greek loanwords and of concepts and metaphors from Greco-Roman culture ; c) Moreover, GenR is the first work of rabbinic midrash that post-dates the Christianization of the Roman Empire."
Therefore, GenR is an ideal source for the study of cultural and linguistic interaction of rabbinic thought and Jewish everyday life with other traditions of late antiquity due to its innovative theological content, its place in the rabbinic corpus, and its unique engagement with its Graeco-Roman and Christian cultural context.
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